o-Toluidine was concluded to be almost certainly capable of causing bladder cancer in men. It has found wide applications both as vital. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Exposure to o-toluidine enhances the microsomal activity of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (particularly in the kidney), NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and the content of cytochrome P-450. Will, Y., & Dykens, J. Use of toluidine blue in tissue sections is done with the aim to highlight components, such as mast cells granules, mucins, and cartilage. Culling CF, Allison TR. This ion exchange is entropy driven as it increases the randomness of the system. TB detects relative rather than absolute differences between normal and malignant cells and tissue. It is a precursor to the herbicides metolachlor and acetochlor. Toluidine blue is being used extensively in histo- and cytomicrochemistry for demonstration of metachromatic substances [9,10], for which purpose it may also be used as a vital stain for subject material suitable for use with . Toluidine Blue 0.05% Vital Staining for the Diagnosis of Ocular Surface Biomechanical and morphological evaluation of aortic wall changes related to the cross-clamping method in different surgical techniques. Metachromasia - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics (2019). * m-Toluidine may damage the nervous system. The study also found that lesions with limited dysplasia or atypia do not stain consistently with TB. These included hyperplasia (abnormal increase in volume of tissue), fibrosis (formation of excess fibrous connective tissue) and liver necrosis (premature death of cells in living tissue). 2021 May 15;455:152766. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152766. Male rats treated similarly showed stimulated spermatogenesis (production of sperm cells) (Malysheva et al., 1983). Toluidine Blue O SDS (Safety Data Sheet) | Flinn Scientific This study was to evaluate specific effects of photodynamic therapy (energy density 15.8 J/cm2, 26.3 J/cm2 and 39.5 J/cm2) using methylene blue, toluidine blue and malachite green as photosensitizers and low-power laser irradiation on the viability of Candida albicans. The Health Hazard Evaluation Program (HHE) conducts onsite investigations of possible worker exposure to chemicals. Careers. After skin contact: Harmful in contact with skin. The o-toluidine metabolite o-nitrosotoluene, is proven to cause bladder cancer in rats and is thought to bind to hemoglobin in humans. In conclusion, we have revealed for the first time that the efficiency of TBO as a PS may be linked to its ability to photodynamically inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. PDF 1.15930 - MilliporeSigma 2-Nitrotoluene is hydrogenated to give o-toluidine. Only lipids that are sufficiently acidic to induce a metachromatic shift are stained. Chromosomal instability may lead to both aneuploidy (presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell), which is observed in cancer cells, and loss of heterozygosity (loss of the entire gene and the surrounding chromosomal region), which can result in the absence of a tumor suppressor gene (Hglund et al. A 100 mL of 1% TB consists of 1 gm TB powder, 10 mL of 1% acetic acid, 4.19 mL absolute alcohol, and 86 mL distilled water to make up 100 mL. 2023 Feb 10;12(4):566. doi: 10.3390/cells12040566. 1985;77(1):11-8. doi: 10.1016/S0065-1281(85)80006-4. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Since it is necessary to use a . Among these applications, the uses of TB staining to identify the changes in chromatin DNA-protein complexes, nucleolus location, and extracellular matrix proteoglycan complexes associated with different physiological and pathological events are described. We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us. Rats were administered with the compound with a dose of 1125mg/kg bodyweight over five days (225mg/kg bodyweight per day). In one study, rats were given doses of approximately 150 and 300mg/kg bodyweight (low dose and high dose), a control-group was also present (NCI, 1979; Goodman et al., 1984). [Metachromasia, double refraction and dichroism caused by Toluidine Blue reaction (author's transl)]. NTP Report on Carcinogens (Fourteenth Edition): New Jersey Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet: American Cancer Society: Known and Possible Human Carcinogens. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. Kumar GL, Kiernan JA. Acta Histochem. PDF Toluidine Blue: A Review of Its Chemistry and Clinical Utility . Critical evaluation of diagnostic aids for the detection of oral cancer. Would you like email updates of new search results? Amyloid stain blue but under polarized light they give a bright red birefringence. The false-positive rate was 14%, which could be due to ulcerated, inflammatory, or traumatic lesions. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the J Vasc Bras. Apoptotic cells are stained by toluidine blue. (A) Electron micrograph Endocrine cell granules are stained purple to red. (2011). The specific mechanisms of carcinogenicity of o-toluidine are not completely understood, but they are known to be complex and to involve metabolic activation, which results in formation of reactive metabolites. [30] The o-toluidine reaction for the estimation of glucose concentration in the serum gained massive popularity in the 1970s. IDENTIFICATION m-Toluidine is a colorless to dark yellow liquid. Culling CF, Allison TR. The tissue stains purple to red, while the background is stained blue. 4th ed. Its toxicity has not been quantified but has proven to be highly toxic to laboratory animals when injected intravenously. 8600 Rockville Pike These alter the color of metachromatic dyes. In contrast, it was found that in vivo staining with TB was highly sensitive in detecting carcinoma.[12]. Some examples of workers at risk of being exposed to ortho-toluidine include the following: NIOSHrecommends that employers useHierarchy of Controlsto prevent injuries. Recommended Use and Restrictions on Use General Laboratory Reagent 1.3. [22] Although the specificity of the technique is less which could be attributed to the inability to biopsy normal tissues which does not take up TB, it can still be used as an important adjuvant as a diagnostic aid because in a clinical setting, false-positive results are of less concern than false-negative results and any positive findings should be confirmed on biopsy for the presence of dysplasia or carcinoma. Toluidine Blue Staining of Resin-Embedded Sections for Evaluation of Toluidine blue selectively stains acid tissue Although he was working on the synthesis of quinine, Perkin instead produced a blue substance with good dyeing . Drupy RA, Wallington EA. -. The following resources provide information about occupational exposure to ortho-toluidine. It is an eye irritant. [14] The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified o-toluidine as carcinogenic to humans (group 1). In addition, any lesion that is not clinically suspicious but shows TB uptake (due to irritating and inflammatory factors) should be re-evaluated after 1014 days after the regression of the condition. Photoexcited Toluidine Blue Inhibits Tau Aggregation in Alzheimer's The action of Toluidine blue O pH 4.0 was tested for both fresh and previously clarified free-hand sections from leaves of different species of plant. Investigation on the toxic interaction of toluidine blue with calf 2006;22:1847. [8], Metachromasia is attributed to stacking of dye cations at the sites of high density of anionic groups in the tissue. 2023 Jan 18;10(2):129. doi: 10.3390/bioengineering10020129. Swellings and red, white, and pigmented lesions", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toluidine_blue&oldid=1154999934, This page was last edited on 16 May 2023, at 01:38. [1] A similar test can be performed with phloroglucinol-HCl solution, which turns red. Thus basic dye cations exchange with mobile tissue cations associated with the various polyanions, a process termed basic dyeing. The study assessed 1,749 male and female employees over a period of 15 years. 8600 Rockville Pike Toluidine Blue - A Histology Stain for Mast Cells (and Other Things!) Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! The NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) is a collection of methods for sampling and analysis of contaminants in workplace air, and in the blood and urine of workers who are occupationally exposed. Figure 5: Transverse sections of a rat sciatic nerve stained with toluidine blue under different magnifications. Toluidine blue has been used in vivo to identify dysplasia and carcinoma of the oral cavity. 2nd ed. This could be due to the sample analyzed and the fact that these authors considered only lesions with stippled or dark blue staining as positive. [1] Toluidine blue (TB) has an affinity for nucleic acids, and therefore binds to nuclear material of tissues with a high DNA and RNA content. Toluidine blue is also commonly used to stain frozen sections (rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen). An official website of the United States government. Other dyes in this group are known to be highly toxic, e.g. However, osmium tetroxide is toxic, expensive, requires a longer incubation of nerve segments, and is not always used. If TB positivity still persists, the lesion should be considered suspicious and biopsy should be performed to rule out carcinoma. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the PDF Student safety sheets 70 Dyes stains indicators - CLEAPSS Europe PMC is an archive of life sciences journal literature. It is a colorless liquid although commercial samples are often yellowish. DANGER: May include one or more of the following statements: fatal/toxic if . eCollection 2021. Under illumination, toluidine blue acts as a most powerful photosensitizer, even in concentrations of only 1-4 p.p.m. Begriche, K., Massart, J., Robin, M. A., Borgne-Sanchez, A., & Fromenty, B. PMC Keep away from food, drink and animal feeding stuffs. PubMed/Medline and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled . One study assessed the increased incidences of mortality and bladder cancer in 906 employers of a dyestuff factory in northern Italy over a mean latent period of 25 years. Mast cell granules stain purple in color due to the presence of heparin and histamine. Toluidine blue (TB) is a polychromatic dye which can absorb different colours depending on how it binds chemically with various tissue components. Other dyes in this . [3], The use of TB as an adjuvant diagnostic aid in the identification of malignant lesions has led to publishing of numerous studies, however, with diverse results. Use personal protective equipment. The role of toluidine blue in assessing margin status after resection of squamous cell carcinoma of upper aerodigestive tract. In 1989, meta-analysis of available data assessing the effectiveness of TB application in identification of oral squamous cell carcinoma determined sensitivity ranging from 93.5% to 97.8% and specificity ranging from 73.3% to 92.9%. Toluidine blue O directly and photodynamically impairs the Education guide: Special stains and H & E. Staining theory. The metabolic and toxic acute effects of phloretin in the rat liver. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology : JOMFP. Harmful if inhaled. aromatic dye molecule capable of delocalizing electrons and is non-toxic in the absence of light. Toluidine Blue Stain - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Dermal exposure affected the ovarian cycle, ovary morphostructure, the ability to reproduce and the progeny in female rats when administered for four months (Malysheva and Zaitseva, 1982). * m-Toluidine may damage the kidneys and bladder causing bloody urine. The diversity could be due to variations in methodology, the population studies, and lesions analyzed. Mycotoxins are naturally occurring, toxic, secondary . The aggregation of Tau is toxic in cell and animal models, but can be reversed by suppressing expression or by aggregation inhibitors. It is used to Utilisation of Toluidine blue O pH 4.0 and histochemical - Springer Toluidine Blue Penetrant Solution C8361 1.2. Although the mechanism for this reaction is unknown, it might be related to a high protein-synthesis rate. Chronic oral exposure to o-toluidine hydrochloride has induced increased incidences of tumors (benign and malignant) in rats and mice. Mailafiya MM, Abubakar K, Chiroma SM, Danmaigoro A, Zyoud TYT, Rahim EBA, Moklas MAM, Zakaria ZAB. The pH is usually regulated to 4.5. ortho -Toluidine (CH 3 C 6 H 4 NH 2) is a colorless to pale-yellow liquid. Attached to glycosaminoglycans, in mast cell granules or cartilage matrix, the dye displays a purple metachromatic color. It is an eye irritant. National Library of Medicine Toluidine blue - Wikipedia Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, 10(8), 10611067. An official website of the United States government. Accessibility These factors may interfere with the evaluation of staining, thus limiting the value of the results obtained. [3] It is also used to stain proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans in tissues such as cartilage. [2], o-Toluidine is produced industrially by nitration of toluene to give a mixture of nitrotoluenes, favoring the ortho isomer. PDF Toluidine Blue (M.s.) Sensitivity and specificity of OraScan toluidine blue mouthrinse in the detection of oral cancer and precancer. Evaluation of in vitro mitochondrial toxicity assays and physicochemical properties for prediction of organ toxicity using 228 pharmaceutical drugs. Spectroscopic Studies on the Biomolecular Recognition of Toluidine Blue Mashberg[14] reported a false-positive rate of 8.5%. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies (1970), Zavon et al. Abstract The present work represents the first attempt to apply a polyoxometalates (POMs) type heptamolybdate [Mo7O24]6 as a complexing agent for the removal of toluidine blue (TB) dye by ultrafiltration. PDF ScyTek Instructions For Use TQF -IFU Laboratories The study found 100% sensitivity and 52% specificity.[2]. 1. They suggested that false positivity could be reduced by a second examination typically 14 days later that assisted in excluding lesions where staining was associated with inflammation. [1] It stains nucleic acids blue and polysaccharides purple and also increases the sharpness of histology slide images. The authors suggested that specificity was reduced because of retention of the dye in some benign lesions. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). This study aims to . like C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, C . Toluidine blue, also known as TBO or tolonium chloride (INN) is a blue cationic (basic) dye used in histology (as the toluidine blue stain) and sometimes clinically. [1] The other proposals about the uptake of TB in dysplastic and carcinomas include the high density of nuclear material, loss of cell cohesion, and increased mitosis. methylene blue. Useful search terms for ortho-toluidine include 2-aminotoluene, o-aminotoluene, 1-methyl-2-aminobenzene, 2-methylaniline, o-methylaniline, o-toluidine, and o-tolylamine., Learn about related publications and other websites that discuss o-toluidine. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies . Mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism of drug-induced hepatotoxicity: Current understanding and future perspectives. . Multiple other studies where rats or mice were given o-toluidine over a prolonged period of time had similar results, including but not limited to a decrease in survivability and increased incidences of different types of cancer (Hecht et al., 1982; Weisburger et al., 1978; NCI, 1979; Weisburger et al., 1978). Dog sperm DNA: Raw semen evaluation with Toluidine blue stain. In vivo TB staining might be the result of immediate binding of sulfated mucopolysaccharides, which are found in higher quantity in tissues that are actively growing, such as tumors and tissues that are healing which may explain false-positive results. Role of toluidine blue in early detection of oral cancer. 1997;83:53747. Also malignant epithelium may contain intracellular canals that are wider than the normal epithelium, which may facilitate penetration of the dye. PDF Toluidine blue: A review of its chemistry and clinical utility 1. It has found wide applications both as vital staining in living tissues and as a special stain owing to its metachromatic property. It is a toxic substance harmful to the eyes, skin, and when swallowed or inhaled. In addition, in some of the studies, biopsies of the lesions that did not retain TB were not performed. Miller RL, Simms BW, Gould AR. Follow all Federal, State, and local regulations regarding disposal. A uniform staining methods and interpretation (e.g., doubts regarding inclusion of equivocal staining as positive or negative) would further enhance the utility of TB staining. Food Sci Nutr. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Toxic and Photodynamic Effects of Toluidine Blue on Living Bull Spermatoza' methylene blue. It is a toxic substance harmful to the eyes, skin, and when swallowed or inhaled. In the present work, we have used Toluidine Blue (TB) as a model dye, which is a well-known staining agent for the diagnosis of oral cancer and have studied the interaction of various biological macromolecules (protein and DNA) with . [7] Large prilocaine doses can cause methemoglobinemia due to oxidation of hemoglobin by o-toluidine.[8]. Jaeschke, H. (2018). The dyes exhibiting metachromatic properties are mainly of thiazine group, thionine, TB, azure A, azure B, methyl violet, safranin, and acridine orange. Will, Y., Shields, J. E., & Wallace, K. B. Toluidine blue stains esophageal malignancies and dysplasia, although Lugol's iodine solution has supplanted it to a great extent. Formula Formula Weight Concentration Toluidine blue O Synonyms: Basic blue 17; C.I. [3] Before PMC Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; 2005. Toluidine blue has been used in vivo to identify dysplasia and carcinoma of the oral cavity. government site. Aims: The accuracy of toluidine blue (TB) and chemiluminescence for diagnosing oral cancer and pre-cancer was evaluated. [1], Vital staining of the oral epithelium has been suggested as a means of surveillance in patients who are at a risk of developing oral cancer and for those who had confirmed neoplasms of other parts of aerodigestive tract. CAUTION: Avoid contact and inhalation. Epub 2020 Apr 18. PDF Safety Data Sheet - EDVOTEK Anal Biochem. [4] TB was first applied for in vivo staining by Reichart in 1963 for uterine cervical carcinoma in situ. eCollection 2023. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Keep away from oxidising materials. The . Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and parasites. FOIA Keep away from heat. J Orthop Translat. Toluidine Blue O: Show More Show Less: Documents Safety and Handling WARNING! Moreover, it can outline the full extent of dysplastic epithelium or carcinoma prior to excisions,[7] and can detect multicentric or second tumors and can help in the followup of patients with oral cancer. 2002) and even large scale chromosomal damage was observed in yeast and mammalian cells exposed to o-toluidine in vitro. The effect is greater with respect to the mean velocity of the spermatozoa with normal movement than to the total number maintaining normal movement suggesting at least two separate ways of . It is used in some hair dyes, weed and pest killers, rubber, and in some laboratory processes. The site is secure. [4] The other staining method for frozen sections (rapid H&E) takes approximately 60 to 90 seconds. TB stains tissues based on the principle of metachromasia. How effective is toluidine blue for screening and diagnosis of oral Onofre et al[13] evaluated the TB staining in premalignancies, and superficial oral ulceration suggesting malignancy. The earliest technique developed by Paul Ehrlich in 1885 involved the immersion of freshly removed tissue in methylated blue. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. (2019). Without photostimulation, TBO caused uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and loss of inner mitochondrial membrane integrity and inhibited very strongly succinate oxidase activity. As evident from the previous literature, most of the studies were done using insufficient parameters; further studies comprising all the relevant parameters (normal, inflammatory, preneoplasia, and neoplasia) would validate the routine use of TB as a vital stain. Epstein JB, Oakley C, Millner A, Emerton S, van der Meij E, Le N. The utility of toluidine blue application as a diagnostic aid in patients previously treated for upper oropharyngeal carcinoma. ABC of Safety in the Biological Sciences - Toluidine Blue - IHC WORLD United States of America Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) List Water (CAS # 7732-18-5): Present Triton^R X-100 (CAS # 9002-93-1): Present [XU] Toluidine Blue O (CAS # 92-31 . Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. Under conditions of metachromasia, these dyes stain tissue components purple-red. government site. blue color to the skin and lips (methemoglobinemia). Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. Acta Histochem. Toluidine blue is a basic thiazine metachromatic dye with high affinity for acidic tissue components, thereby staining tissues rich in DNA and RNA. Toluidine blue has been extensively used as a vital stain for mucosal lesions and also has found applications in tissue sections to specifically stain certain components owing to its metachromatic property. Role of toluidine blue in early detection of oral cancer. Loss of heterozygosity may be detected in TB-stained lesions. Only about 5% of dye by weight is retained in oral cavity following expectoration. 1995 Dec;27(6):571-82. doi: 10.1007/BF02111655. MeSH Two experimental systems were utilized: (a) isolated rat liver mitochondria and (b) isolated perfused rat liver. Mashberg A. Reevaluation of toluidine blue application as A diagnostic adjunct in the detection of asymptomatic oral squamous cell carcinoma: a continuing prospective study of oral cancer III. The results include increased incidence of death and increased incidence of bladder cancer. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Toluidine blue is a basic dye of phenothiazine family, which on irradiation with a 630 nm light gets converted into a photoexcited form, leading to generation of singlet oxygen species. Onofre MA, Sposto MR, Navarro CM, Scully C. Assessment of blue toluidine stain in oral lesions with suspicions of malignancy. . [9], Mast cells were first recognized by virtue of metachromasia in 1877 by Paul Ehrlich. 5th ed. Differential use of Alcian blue and toluidine blue dyes for the quantification and isolation of anionic glycoconjugates from cell cultures: application to proteoglycans and a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein synthesized by articular chondrocytes. Toluidine blue (TB) has an affinity for nucleic acids, and therefore binds to nuclear material of tissues with a high DNA and RNA content. Toluidine blue has been used in vivo to identify dysplasia and carcinoma of the oral cavity. And 1% acetic acid is then applied for 20 s to remove ropey saliva. Under photostimulation, TBO increased the protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation levels (up to 109.40 and 119.87%, respectively) and decreased the reduced glutathione levels (59.72%) in mitochondria. Observed symptoms included increased methemoglobin levels, congestion, hemosiderosis (iron overload disorder), hematopoiesis (formation of blood cellular components) in the spleen and a 1.5 to 3.0 times increase in spleen weight. SDS - Toluidine Blue Stain O Page 1 of 7! 4th ed. [2], The conversion of o-toluidine to the diazonium salt gives access to the 2-bromo, 2-cyano-, and 2-chlorotoluene derivatives. Keywords: . An official website of the United States government. Exposure was primarily to o-toluidine and aniline and a significant increase in incidences of bladder cancer was observed. Metachromasia is important as it is highly selective and only certain tissue structures can stain metachromatically. -. Molecular interaction of aromatic dyes with biological macromolecules are important for the development of minimally invasive disease diagnostic biotechnologies. Following eye contact: Risk of serious damage to eyes. Nuclei and cytoplasm are blue. [21] The relevant metabolite is thought to be o-nitrosotoluene. Vital staining is the staining of cells or tissues in the living state. The aims of this study were to determine the optimal incubation time needed for the absorption . Toluidine blue solution is used in testing for lignin, a complex organic molecule that bonds to cellulose fibres and strengthens and hardens the cell walls in plants. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 32(1), 156167. and transmitted securely. Research has indicated that o-toluidine is a mutagen and causes oxidative DNA damage and chromosomal damage (Skipper et al. The negative charges on the chromotropes attract the positively charged polar groups on the dye leading to dye-to-dye aggregation in a specialized orderly form forming a polymeric form. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. 2012 May-Aug; 16(2):251-255, "Lignification of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) pericarp tissue during blossom-end rot development", "Toluidine blue: A review of its chemistry and clinical utility", "Using stereologic techniques for podocyte counting in the mouse: shifting the paradigm", "ABC of oral health. Chromatin; Critical electrolyte concentration; Glycosaminoglycans; Metachromasy; Optical anisotropy; Toluidine blue. However, the carcinogenicity could not be attributed to o-toluidine definitively.
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