https://doi.org/10.3390/s19224869, Ramos, H.G., Ribeiro, A.L. Carlstedt M., Porzig K., Uhlig R.P., Zec M., Ziolkowski M., Brauer H. Application of Lorentz Force Eddy Current Testing and Eddy Current Testing on Moving Nonmagnetic Conductors. However, MFL testing still faces a great challenge to detect inner defects. Wilson J.W., Tian G.Y. As the most important steps of MFL, the excitation method (a permanent magnet, DC, AC, pulsed) and sensing methods (Hall element, GMR, TMR, etc. 15. Jia Y., Liang K., Wang P., Ji K., Xu P. Enhancement Method of Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals for Rail Track Surface Defect Detection. Among the testing methods, the MFL is the most commonly used. Then the magnetic field in the material leaks from areas where metal is lost, such as corrosion or defects, forming the MFL . 316319. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies On a corrosion spot, a leakage field will arise. Carvalho used raw MFL signals and signals after filtering as the input to the neural network, and classified signals into defects and non-defects with an accuracy of 94.2% [139]. It is a nondestructive testing technique which uses magnetic sensitive sensors to detect the magnetic leakage field of defects on both the internal and external surfaces of pipelines. This paper introduces the main principles, measurement and processing of MFL data. Later, Shi showed that the change in the MFL signal behaves differently in the elastic and plastic deformation stage [84]. Theoretical Analysis on the Distribution of Eddy Current in Motion-Induced Eddy Current Testing and High-Speed MFL Testing. The most commonly used sensors are the Hall element and coils. Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing March 2016 DOI: Authors: Huang Songling Tsinghua University Shen Wang Monash University (Australia) Abstract As early as 1868, the British Naval Architects. Wilson J.W., Kaba M., Tian G.Y., Licciardi S. Feature Extraction and Integration for the Quantification of PMFL Data. 39, 15271530 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng, Gotoh, Y., Takahashi, N.: Proposal of detecting method of outer side crack by alternating flux leakage testing using 3-D nonlinear FEM. Antipov used an induced tail magnetic field to test rails at high-speed [66]. A magnetic shielding strategy for magnetic sensor in magnetic flux Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Simulation of the Feasibility of Inspecting Nonferromagnetic Conductors by an MFL Testing Apparatus. Sensitivity Difference Caused by Eddy-Current Magnetic Field in Hi-Speed MFL Testing and Its Elimination Method. Babbar V., Shiari B., Clapham L. Mechanical Damage Detection With Magnetic Flux Leakage Tools: Modeling the Effect of Localized Residual Stresses. J. Philip and V. Mahendran have proposed the use of a ferrofluid emulsion film to visualize the leakage magnetic field [134,135,136]. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3592078. Theoretical Analysis on the Distribution of Eddy Current in Motion Sun Y., Kang Y. Magnetic Flux Leakage testing (MFL) is a technique used for the inspection of tubes made of ferrous materials. Review and Analysis of Three Representative Electromagnetic NDT Methods. In: Proceeding of the 13th IMEKO TC-4 International Symposium, pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2017.02.001, Azad, A., Kim, N.: Design and optimization of an MFL coil sensor apparatus based on numerical survey. Amineh R.K., Koziel S., Nikolova N.K., Bandler J.W., Reilly J.P. A Space Mapping Methodology for Defect Characterization from Magnetic Flux Leakage Measurements. Wu L., Yao K., Shi P., Zhao B., Wang Y.S. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation Test. Wu J., Sun Y., Kang Y., Yang Y. Kasai studied the MFL testing signal for samples covered by corrosion (iron oxides) and showed that the MFL signal decreased with increasing iron oxide ratio [78]. Mahendran V., Philip J. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10921-020-00730-0, access via Magn. Visualizing MFL testing signals: (a) multi-channel time-domain signals; (b) gray-scale images. The uniformly distributed particles re-distribute under the leakage magnetic field and exhibit different colors due to Bragg scattering of the droplets. Labinac V., Erceg N., Kotnik-Karuza D. Magnetic Field of a Cylindrical Coil. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement, Ma, Q., Gao, B., Tian, G., Yang, C., Xie, L., Chen, K.: High sensitivity flexible double square winding eddy current array for surface micro-defects inspection. B. Feng, T. Rocha, and F. Yuan all studied the motion-induced eddy current testing method and used magnetic field sensors to pick up the defect signals [51,67,68,69,70,71,72]. S. Wang proposed a flexible magnetizer-based parallel cable that may have potential applications in specimens with complex curvature [100]. The stress effect has been studied by many researchers [80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91]. After the calculation with the forward model, a comparison is made between the calculated MFL signal and the one obtained in the experiment. Subsequently, many researchers have studied the signal characteristics and extracted features for defect quantification and discrimination of internal and external defects [111,112,113,114]. In industrial applications, usually, an array of magnetic sensors is used to cover the whole area of the specimen. The .gov means its official. Antipov A.G., Markov A.A. 3D Simulation and Experiment on High Speed Rail MFL Inspection. Dutta and Stanley calculated the MFL of a cylindrical hole and verified the model by comparing it with simulation results [11,12]. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal In this case, the flux line continues at the interface without any perturbation, and there is no leakage magnetic field. Gao G., Lian M., Xu Y., Qin Y., Gao L. The Effect of Variable Tensile Stress on the MFL Signal Response of Defective Wire Ropes. Instrum. Krause H.J., Kreutzbruck M.V. NDT E Int. NDT E Int. Influences of Magnetization Direction on the Flux Leakage Field of Weld The MFL signal is dependent on the liftoff distance between the probe and the specimen. Serial MTJ-Based TMR Sensors in Bridge Configuration for Detection of Fractured Steel Bar in Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing. https://doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2007.916486, Lou, W., Shen, C., Zhu, Z., Liu, Z., Shentu, F., Xu, W., Lang, T., Zhang, Y., Jing, Z., Peng, W.: Internal defect detection in ferromagnetic material equipment based on low-frequency electromagnetic technique in 20# steel plate. E. Li studied the relationship between the size of the opening in the magnetic head and the frequency of the MFL signal and designed a magnetic head structure for trans-scale defects [128,129]. PDF A Review of Magnetic Flux Leakage Nondestructive Testing https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2016.04.002, Zhang, W., Wang, C., Xie, F., Zhang, H.: Defect imaging curved surface based on flexible eddy current array sensor. MAGNETISM 55 External field, ii, affects atomic magnetic field, to the extend of the magnetic susceptibility, Xm ofthe material: M=XmM (3.2) Xm can be defined as the magnetization, M, per unit field intensity. Mengelkamp J., Carlstedt M., Weise K., Ziolkowski M., Brauer H., Haueisen J. The Influence of Magnetic Heads Pose on Magnetic Flux Leakage Detection. An Opening Electromagnetic Transducer. The forward problem, which derives the MFL field of a defect with a certain shape, is a fundamental and important topic in MFL testing. The scanning direction of the sensors also influences the MFL signal, and Wu also studied this effect [32]. Influences of defect dimensions on MFL signal: (a) change in Hx with defect width; (b) change in Hy with defect width; (c) change in Hx with defect depth; (d) change in Hy with defect depth; (e) change in Hx with defect length; (f) change in Hy with defect length. Yan M., Udpa S., Mandayam S., Sun Y., Sacks P., Lord W. Solution of Inverse Problems in Electromagnetic NDE Using Finite Element Methods. https://doi.org/10.1080/10589750802588010, Wang, P., Xiong, L., Sun, Y., Wang, H.: Tian G Features extraction of sensor array based PMFL technology for detection of rail cracks. The sensor is able to obtain the Fourier coefficients of the leakage magnetic flux and locate the center of the crack. The widely applied magnetic flux leakage (MFL) nondestructive testing for ferrous materials has been simply explained by "MFL escaping from defects and being induced is exactly the MFL. Fast Magnetic Flux Leakage Signal Inversion for the Reconstruction of Arbitrary Defect Profiles in Steel Using Finite Elements. Song K., Kang Y., Sun Y., Qiu C., Su J. MFL Testing of Omni-Directional Cracks in Steel Strip Using Strong Longitudinal Magnetization. Wang J., She S., Zhang S. An Improved Helmholtz Coil and Analysis of Its Magnetic Field Homogeneity. The basic principle of MFL testing is schematically shown in Figure 1, where a magnetizer is applied to magnetize the ferromagnetic specimen into near saturation. G. Vrtesy applied MFL, MMM, and MAT to detect an artificial slot in stacked steel plates, he found that the MFL gave good results when there are one or two layers and MAT outperformed MFL when there were more layers [168]. Current Density Reconstructions for Lorentz Force Evaluation. Discontinuities in the material cause disturbances in . https://doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2012.2199190, Xie, S., Tian, M., Chen, H.-E., Zhao, Y., Wu, L., Chen, Z., Uchimoto, T., Takagi, T., Cheng, Z., Zhu, J., Li, Y., Sievert, J.: Evaluation of wall thinning defect in magnetic material based on PECT method under magnetic saturation. Priewald R.H., Magele C., Ledger P.D., Pearson N.R., Mason J.S.D. Uetake I., Saito T. Magnetic Flux Leakage by Adjacent Parallel Surface Slots. Lukyanets S., Snarskii A., Shamonin M., Bakaev V. Calculation of Magnetic Leakage Field from a Surface Defect in a Linear Ferromagnetic Material: An Analytical Approach. Zatsepin N., Shcherbinin V. Calculation of the magnetostatic field of surface defects, I. Before The structure of double U-shaped orthogonal magnetizer. Wang X., Wu X., Xu J., Ba H. Study on the Lift-off Effect on MFL Signals with Magnetic Circuit Model and 3D FEM. 8600 Rockville Pike Int. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Another important application is the inspection of steel pipes during manufacturing. J. Instrum. Effects of Excitation System on the Performance of Magnetic-Flux-Leakage-Type Non-Destructive Testing. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (, MFL, NDT, sensor, magnetic dipole model, high speed, liftoff, magnetizer, inverse problem, artificial neural network. As the production speed increases, there is also a need for high-speed testing. Li E., Kang Y., Tang J., Wu J. This review paper presents the basic principles of MFL testing and summarizes the recent advances in MFL. Carvalho A.A., Rebello J.M.A., Sagrilo L.V.S., Camerini C.S., Miranda I.V.J. A New Micro Magnetic Bridge Probe in Magnetic Flux Leakage for Detecting Micro-Cracks. Eval. In addition to the commonly used magnetic dipole model, there are also some analytical models derived for the calculation of the MFL. Dutta S.M., Ghorbel F.H., Stanley R.K. Dipole Modeling of Magnetic Flux Leakage. The magnetization strength can be easily adjusted by changing the current in the coil and the current can be turned off during the installation. NDT E Int. Piao G., Li J., Udpa L., Udpa S., Deng Y. The DC magnetization makes the defects generate static leakage magnetic field. To increase the depth of penetration and obtain richer information, A. Sophian and G.Y. The basic principles are shown in Figure2. Analysis of the Velocity-Induced Eddy Current in MFL Type NDT. The conventional yoke type magnetizer only generates a magnetic field in one direction and has limited sensitivity for cracks that are parallel to the magnetic field. Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, Tse, P., Fang, Z., Ng, K.: Novel design of a smart and harmonized flexible printed coil sensor to enhance the ability to detect defects in pipes. Tang J., Wang R., Liu B., Kang Y. 103, 4861 (2019). As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. When AC excitation is used in the MFL testing, the direction of the magnetizing field can be adjusted by controlling the phase difference between the two yokes. Influence of Inhomogeneous Stress on Biaxial 3D Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals. Huang S.L., Peng L., Wang S., Zhao W. A Basic Signal Analysis Approach for Magnetic Flux Leakage Response.
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