This can also be used to feed in biomethane during periods of lower sales. The search was conducted between September 22 and October 18, 2021. The CHP generation is currently the biogas application pathway most widely discussed. There is also growing interest in biogas production from agricultural waste, since domestic livestock markets are responsible for almost one-third of methane emissions in the United States (USDA, 2016). Bioenerg Res 13:10461068. J Environ Plan Manag 60:725742. Biomass Bioenerg 127:105264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105264, Patrizio P, Chinese D (2016) The impact of regional factors and new bio-methane incentive schemes on the structure, profitability and CO2 balance of biogas plants in Italy. Create a free IEA account to download our reports or subcribe to a paid service. 2019). Furthermore, there are the possibilities of CO2 usage and H2 generation. Cite this article. PubMed The heat generated is currently already used for self-consumption or direct delivery. https://www.eafo.eu/countries/european-union-efta-turkey/23682/countries-compared. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. (FNR). Energies 14:2431. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092431, Murray BC, Galik CS, Vegh T (2017) Biogas in the United States: estimating future production and learning from international experiences. Where local heat off-take is available, the economic case for biogas cogeneration is stronger than for an electricity-only plant. It has already led to the biogas industry developing differently in different countries as a result of various support programs. Frontiers | P3HB from CH4 using methanotrophs: Aspects of bioreactor 2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00187-012-0153-z, Herbes C, Halbherr V, Braun L (2018) Factors influencing prices for heat from biogas plants. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Sweden has by far the largest share of CNG-powered buses with 17.6%, while the Czech Republic (6.7%) and the Netherlands (6.0%) also use CNG-powered buses (European Automobile Manufacturers Association 2021). The waste that is used needs to be properly prepared to ensure it is completely organic, which can involve removing things such as plastic packaging. Some governments, such as Benin, Burkina Faso and Ethiopia, provide subsidies that can cover from half to all of the investment, while numerous projects promoted by nongovernmental organisations provide practical know-how and subsidies to lower the net investment cost. 2. It can be consumed either in solid, liquid or gaseous form, and by far the most prevalent use of bioenergy today is solid biomass (around 90%). File Download. In the second pathway, biogas is used in the immediate vicinity of the biogas plant. Arch Environ Prot 45:6883. Anaerobic digestion is a natural process in which bacteria convert organic materials into biogas. However, the increasing number of biomethane plants suggests that the share of usage as biomethane will increase in the future (Banja et al. While the captured CO2 is currently usually released into the atmosphere and not used further, it is also possible to use the captured CO2 as well. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2012.11.001, Grim J, Nilsson D, Hansson P-A, Nordberg (2015) Demand-orientated power production from biogas: modeling and simulations under Swedish conditions. This guide aims to help energy statisticians to measure and estimate the capacity and production of biogas plants, as well as other aspects of biogas production. 2020). Heating systems or gas stoves, therefore, do not have to be replaced (Banja et al. 2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.07.074, Patrizio P, Leduc S, Chinese D, Kraxner F (2017) Internalizing the external costs of biogas supply chains in the Italian energy sector. 2021), a market ramp-up in this area is hardly to be expected (Adler et al. Short-term flexibilization increases profitability by exploiting higher power prices, while seasonal flexibilization additionally optimizes profitability by increasing heat utilization. Therefore, there should be a share of at least 14% renewable energy in fuel consumption by 2030, as well as a sub-quota of 3.5% for advanced biofuels from residues such as straw and manure (European Parliament and Council of the European Union 2018). 2020), Bali (Bner et al. (2) In paragraph (1) (a) omit the definition of "the 1994 Regulations"; (b) after that definition insert " " the 1998 Regulations " means the Gas Safety (Installation and Use) Regulations 1998 (); "biogas" and "biomethane" have the meanings given in section 100(3) of the Energy Act 2008 (); WHAT KIND OF WASTE CAN PRODUCE BIOGAS? Cookies policy. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Abstract. 2017), India (Bhatia et al. Large quantities of biogas can, thus, only be stored under high pressure, with the upgrading, storage and handling in this case leading to increased costs (Mihic 2004). 2021). Chem Eng Technology 43:15711577. Find out about the world, a region, or a country, Find out about a fuel, a technology or a sector, Explore the full range of IEA's unique analysis, Search, download and purchase energy data and statistics, Search, filter and find energy-related policies, Shaping a secure and sustainable energy future, Outlook for biogas and biomethane: Prospects for organic growth, Clean Energy Transitions in Emerging Economies, Digital Demand-Driven Electricity Networks Initiative, The outlook for biogas and biomethane to 2040, Focus: The role of biogas as a clean cooking fuel, Focus: Biomethane and the future of gas infrastructure, Implications for policy makers and industry. 2021). The use of biomethane is of particular interest for vehicles that cannot be powered by power, such as ships or aircraft. Biosynthesis of PHB by . CAS Grim et al. However, the business model is not widespread, so there is no reliable information on profitability. Economic Perspectives of Biogas Production via Anaerobic Digestion - MDPI The United States is also leading the way globally in the use of biomethane in the transport sector, as a result of both state and federal support. Biogas and biomethane can also play an important part in waste management, improving overall resource efficiency. In a GHG-neutral energy system, biomethane can be relevant to cover methane-based needs in an industrial context. The literature review revealed that CHP use can be divided into two basic modes of operation, constant and flexible generation. On the one hand, this has an influence on the amount of revenues by trading certificates for the reduction of GHG emissions and, on the other hand, on the competition with fossil fuels, which become comparatively more expensive due to a higher CO2 price, resulting in a competitive advantage for biogas. Sustainability | Free Full-Text | Biogas from Agri-Food and - MDPI The purpose of this Guide, therefore, is to make a contribution to giving exhaustiveand real-worldbased answers to technical, organisational, legal and economic questions in relation to agricultural biogas generation and utilisation. Biogas recovery for sustainable cities: A critical review of The development of the CO2 price will be relevant for biogas plants in the future. The aim here is an evaluation according to the chronological course and geographical characteristics of individual usage pathways. However, the contemporary use of nanomaterials in bioenergy production is very deficient. 2016). The profitability is considered for agricultural biogas plants, biogas production by wastewater or organic municipal waste is not included in detail. (PDF) Production of Biogas from Treated Sugarcane Bagasse - ResearchGate The elemental composition analysis and biochemical methane potential (BMP) assay was used to determine the properties and potentials of wastes from selected Thailand fruits including lady-finger. 2010). In addition to energy production from the biogas plants, which are among renewable energy technologies, biogas digestate is also produced. The precise composition of biogas depends on the type of feedstock and the production pathway; these include the following main technologies: : Handlungsmglichkeiten fr Anlagenbetreiber, Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt, Gsewell J, Bahret C, Eltrop L (2020) Auswirkungen von vernderten energie- und umweltrelevanten Rahmenbedingungen und Technologiefortschritt auf die Entwicklung schsischer Biogasanlagen - AuRaSa, Gsewell J, Eltrop L, Hufendiek K (2021) Seasonal flexibilisation: a solution for biogas plants to improve profitability. 2019). 2013). Different parameters are focused on here, for example, the concentration of different exhaust gases (Jaber et al. No geographical focus of the research could be identified. Biogas is a naturally occurring and renewable source of energy, resulting from the breakdown of organic matter. In addition, the possibility of the flexible control of consumer loads and a coupling with another depreciated renewable energy plant contribute to the advantageousness (Technische Hochschule Ingolstadt 2020). 2009; Owczuk et al. News stories, speeches, letters and notices, Reports, analysis and official statistics, Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate reports. PDF Fundamentals on Biogas Production Process - saarcenergy.org Renew Sust Energ Rev 67:597611. 2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.02.057, Article Energy Procedia 72:250255. Upgrading biogas to H2 still represents a small part of the relevant research literature. Argentina and Brazil have also supported biogas through auctions; Brazil has seen the majority of production come from landfills, but there is also potential from vinasse, a byproduct from the ethanol industry. On the other hand, decentralized production can also be an advantage for the nationwide production and distribution of H2 for use in the transport sector (Wnning 2021). There are already initial studies showing that it is possible to produce CO2 for food market utilization. The possibilities for use are similar to the on-site use of biogas (Pathway 2) and are primarily intended to contribute to reducing energy procurement costs and increasing the degree of energy self-sufficiency. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-020-10137-4, Billig E, Decker M, Benzinger W, Ketelsen F, Pfeifer P, Peters R, Stolten D, Thrn D (2019) Non-fossil CO2 recyclingThe technical potential for the present and future utilization for fuels in Germany. Another advantage is that the infrastructure for distributing and using the biomethane has already been established (Cavana and Leone 2019). In comparison, the revenues in a flexible operation are always higher than in a baseload operation (Grim et al. 2016; Patrizio et al. Consequently, it describes the state of the art in biogas plants in Germany as at mid-2009. Many papers have already analyzed this business model extensively. https://doi.org/10.13031/aea.12262, Bner S, Devisscher T, Suljada T, Ismail CJ, Sari A, Mondamina NW (2019) Barriers and opportunities to bioenergy transitions: an integrated, multi-level perspective analysis of biogas uptake in Bali. Energy Fuels 29:40664075. 2019). Exemplarily, the use of biogas in a decentralized combined heat and power (CHP) plant, the injection of upgraded biomethane into the gas grid for off-site power and heat generation, and the use of biomethane as fuel are all under investigation. Compared to other renewables that generate and feed in power in a volatile manner, biogas offers the possibility of being stored and thus generating energy flexibly and in accordance to demand (Szarka et al. 207. 2017), making it possible to operate profitably over its lifetime. 2016; Owczuk et al. This way has been less established so far, but there are already examples in Germany (Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e. V. 2012). Frontiers | Nanomaterials for biogas augmentation towards renewable and https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-019-00937-2, Bystricky M, Kndlseder T, Weber-Blaschke G, Faulstich M (2010) Comparing environmental impacts of electricity, heat and fuel from energy crops: evaluating biogas utilization pathways by the basket of benefit methodology. 3. The aim here is to reduce energy purchase costs so that it is economically more advantageous to consume the energy produced by the biogas plant on-site instead of purchasing power from the grid or thermal energy from other external sources (Gsewell et al. Introduction Energy is a fundamental requirement for man's comfort and basic needs of everyday life. Biomethane can reduce greenhouse gas emissions in these industries. Sugarcane bagasse is available in plenty in and around communities of almost all major and minor places of India. The most common method of creating a continuous flow digester is the "teapot" or "P-trap" shape. Certain industrial subsectors, such as the food and drink and chemicals, produce wet waste with a high organic content, which is a suitable feedstock for anaerobic digestion. However, the gasification route to biomethane can use woody biomass (in addition to MSW and agricultural residues) as a feedstock, which consists of residues from forest management and wood processing. The revenues can be generated on the markets for ancillary services, e.g., as secondary or tertiary control reserve (Saracevic et al. In the long term, it could be advantageous for biogas plants to cover regional methane demands with biomethane, for example in the mobility sector in the form of filling stations or industrial demands. 9, 59 (2022). The potential for the use of biogas around the world should not be underestimated. Development of relevant published papers by utilization pathway over time. 2010), and since 2013, there has been an increasing number of publications in this field (Hahn et al. Feeding biomethane into the grid is already a common practice in countries such as Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Austria (Korberg et al. Google Scholar, Bhatia RK, Ramadoss G, Jain AK, Dhiman RK, Bhatia SK, Bhatt AK (2020) Conversion of waste biomass into gaseous fuel: present status and challenges in India. Wir Kommen Zur Abstimmung ber Die, Klimaschutzranking Der Deutschen Abgeordneten Des Europischen Parlaments, Name Group Member State Vote Loyal / Rebel to Political Group, Kleine Anfrage Der Abgeordneten Hans Michelbach, Dr, 2018 Annual Review European Parliament Liaison Office in Germany, PROCEEDING BOOK Publishing Date: 29.12.2017 UCTEA International Geographical Information Systems Congress 2017, 15-18 November 2017, Adana, Turkey, Minutes of the Sitting of 25 February 2010. Company number 02640682. For the latter, a second CHP unit, a larger gas storage tank, facilities for external heat utilization and an adaptation of the connection to the power grid (e.g., transformer) are required. Since there is no subsidy for the provision of biomethane in the heat market, e.g., comparable to feed-in tariffs in the power market (Herbes et al. The profitability of the business model is influenced primarily by the amount of the available overcapacities in comparison to the nominal load, schedule design and the amount of external heat use (Daniel-Gromke et al. Biogas is actually one form of technology that could provide a powerful solution to many problems in a clean and efficient way. This financial support can be differentiated so that, for example, special substrates or technical processes are supported. 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.07.047, Patrizio P, Leduc S, Chinese D, Dotzauer E, Kraxner F (2015) Biomethane as transport fuela comparison with other biogas utilization pathways in northern Italy. Larger plants are generally more likely to be profitable, as is the use of residual and waste materials (Cucchiella et al. Now that the benefits of biogas have been recognised, this is being upscaled into much bigger plants allowing large scale production that can be fed directly into the energy grid. Most articles in Europe deal with Italy, Sweden and Germany. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The feedstocks described above were considered in this reports assessment of the sustainable biogas and biomethane supply potential, and are further discussed in Section 3 below. 2017). Initially, there were tractors that were converted to use biomethane, and dual systems for the joint use of diesel and biomethane were also used (Bisaglia et al. The number of natural gas vehicles in Europe has been steadily increasing in recent years, reaching 1.46million in 2020, of which 1.25million are passenger cars. Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. Biomass Bioenergy 127:105295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105295, Chen S, Chen B, Song D (2012) Life-cycle energy production and emissions mitigation by comprehensive biogas-digestate utilization. The production of biogas actually began hundreds of years ago, but it was not until the 1980s that European countries began using the process for the treatment of industrial wastewater. Appl Energy 98:502511. Biogas production comes from the breakdown of organic materials - food waste, manure, agriculture waste and even more - in an anaerobic digestive process (that means without the use of oxygen). Correspondence to Well send you a link to a feedback form. 2018). These include, for example, light commercial vehicles, trucks, buses (Natural & Bio Gas Vehicle Association 2019) and ships (Backman and Rogulska 2016). Accordingly, it is necessary to adapt the generation profile of the biogas plant to the on-site load profile (Gsewell et al. There are many options for the utilization of biogas in different energy sectors (power, heat, mobility). The last option is the upgrading of biogas (Pathway 3: Upgrading of biogas to a gas of higher value). 2019). Energy Convers Manage 145:278292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122476, Ertem FC, Acheampong M (2018) Impacts of demand-driven energy production concept on the heat utilization efficiency at biogas plants: heat waste and flexible heat production. 2017). However, rising natural gas prices may contribute to the better profitability of biomethane business models in the future (Banja et al. The consideration of the direct use of biogas has been relatively constant over the years at a comparatively low level. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8EE02897D, European Alternative Fuels Observatory (2020) Countries overview of AF infrastructure. The future of biogas looks to be massive as it provides combined solutions to many of the worlds biggest problems. The future political framework is a particularly relevant influencing factor on the development of the biogas industry. Upgrading biogas into biomethane is usually only an interesting business model when subsidies are involved since the costs for producing biomethane exceed the market price for natural gas (Budzianowski and Budzianowska 2015). According to these studies, biogas . An introduction to biogas and biomethane - Outlook for biogas and These tax benefits may be tied to minimum GHG reduction standards, for example. They can provide the system benefits of natural gas (storage, flexibility, high-temperature heat) without the net carbon emissions. The H2 is currently transported via trucks as there is no existing H2 grid. There are different ways to use and monetize CO2. Furthermore, a development in the focus of the discussion of business models has emerged. Description With pressure increasing to utilise wastes and residues effectively and sustainably, the production of biogas represents one of the most important routes towards reaching national and international renewable energy targets. The connection of technical utilization pathways with the consideration of possible business models plays a central role in the design of future energy supply, such as the use of biogas. Energy Policy 153:112292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112292, Hijazi O, Tappen S, Effenberger M (2019) Environmental impacts concerning flexible power generation in a biogas production. In addition to these subsidies, credit facilities have made progress in a few countries, notably a recent lease-to-own arrangement in Kenya that financed almost half of the digester installations in 2018 (ter Heegde, 2019). Renew Sustain Energy Rev 28:166173. Research interest in biogas plants for household use is concentrated in Africa (Kenya (Hamid and Blanchard 2018), Ghana (Bensah et al. The success of biomethane in the heating sector depends primarily on the prices of substitute goods and suffers, above all, from low natural gas prices. To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive analysis of biogas business models in the different pathways exists in the current literature. Europe, the Peoples Republic of China (hereafter, China) and the United States account for 90% of global production. However, the research interest in flexibilization in other countries started in 2015, for example, in Latvia (Dzene et al. The differentiation between traditional and modern does not apply for liquid and gaseous bioenergy, since both are produced using advanced technologies. The digester is designed for a constant output, therefore, the flexibilization requires the adaptation of components (Liebetrau et al. 2021). We use some essential cookies to make this website work. 2020), only one publication dates back to 2013 (Wulf and Kaltschmitt 2013). 2015). 2020). The paper is structured as follows: firstly, an overview of existing technical possibilities for biogas utilization is given. There is the possibility of plant pooling, so that smaller biogas plants can also take advantage of the cost degression. Regarding existing biogas plants, which were originally designed for base load operation, two retrofitting options for flexible generation are available: they can be adapted for flexible power production either by lowering the rated output or by increasing the power generation capacity. Contact greengassupport@beis.gov.uk if you have any questions. Bioprocess. Different utilization pathways are covered in the papers, with a focus on CHP usage (n=30). A Guide to Biogas & It's Uses - Gas Data The results of the literature research on biogas business models are then presented in detail, subdivided according to the different utilization routes. 2020) and Thailand (Wattanasilp et al. However, according to current forecasts, an economic substitute is hardly possible even with rising CO2 prices (Ahlstrm et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.004, Karlsson NP (2019) Business models and business cases for financial sustainability: Insights on corporate sustainability in the Swedish farm-based biogas industry. gwf Gas+Energie 4:3740, Yao J, Kraussler M, Benedikt F, Hofbauer H (2017) Techno-economic assessment of hydrogen production based on dual fluidized bed biomass steam gasification, biogas steam reforming, and alkaline water electrolysis processes. Biogas Production from Protein-Rich Biomass: Fed-Batch Anaerobic - PLOS Appl Energy 157:2534. https://www.acea.auto/files/report-vehicles-in-use-europe-january-2021-1.pdf. The use of waste can also be a major goal of a biogas plant (Kemausuor et al. The aim here is also to use the biomethane as a fuel in the mobility sector. The power is normally used externally and, therefore, fed into the grid. Over 90% of the biogas produced in the world was used for the production of power and heat in 2018, with only the remaining 9% being used as biomethane in the mobility sector or for injection into the natural gas grid (International Energy Agency 2020). Flexible generation can be further categorized according to the goal of the flexibilization. Thank you for subscribing. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.01.181, DAdamo I, Falcone PM, Ferella F (2019) A socio-economic analysis of biomethane in the transport sector: the case of Italy. Energies 12:1071. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061071, Pasini G, Baccioli A, Ferrari L, Antonelli M, Frigo S, Desideri U (2019) Biomethane grid injection or biomethane liquefaction: a technical-economic analysis. The term business model is used to describe the options for monetizing biogas. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.202000025, Bensah EC, Brew-Hammond A (2010) Biogas technology dissemination in Ghana: history, current status, future prospects, and policy significance. This paper presents a spatially explicit method for making regional estimates of the potential for biogas production from crop residues and manure, accounting for key technical, biochemical, environmental and economic constraints. The 9th Conference Environmental Engineering 184. https://doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2014.017, Eggemann L, Escobar N, Peters R, Burauel P, Stolten D (2020) Life cycle assessment of a small-scale methanol production system: a power-to-fuel strategy for biogas plants. 2013). The research interest of direct utilization of biogas has remained relatively constant over time. 2019), the effect of different fuel mixing ratios (Matuszewska et al. You can unsubscribe at any time by clicking the link at the bottom of any IEA newsletter. The ground work and data collection for this guide to the production to use of biogas were carried out in 2008 and 2009. Renewable Energy Focus, 29, 14-23. The aim of the on-site use of biogas is to reduce energy procurement costs or to reach energy self-sufficiency. Upgrading the biogas to a gas of a higher value. The CO2 can also be used, for example, in FischerTropsch synthesis for the production of cosmetic products or for the production of high-value chemicals and waxes (Horschig et al. This includes particularly converting biogas into usable energy and the subsequent possible fields of application. The upgrading of biogas to biomethane becomes cheaper with increasing biogas volumes due to cost degression in investments costs; therefore, this pathway is particularly interesting for large biogas plants. Commercial biogas plants: Review on operational parameters and guide The main search term biogas had to be included in the title of all candidate papers. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Methods for making such estimates are important as biofuels from agricultural residues are receiving increasing policy support from the EU and major biogas producers . Biomass Bioenergy 128:105313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2019.105313, Br K, Wageneder S, Solka F, Saidi A, Zrner W (2020) Flexibility potential of photovoltaic power plant and biogas plant hybrid systems in the distribution grid. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-022-00545-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-022-00545-z. volume9, Articlenumber:59 (2022) There are stand-alone digesters which operate as organic recycling businesses in community settings or farm digesters which help farmers manage nutrients, reduce odours, and generate additional farm revenue. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.05.026, Wulf C, Kaltschmitt M (2013) Life cycle assessment of biohydrogen production as a transportation fuel in Germany. Against the backdrop of the continuing climb in global energy prices, energy recovery from organic residues and waste streams is becoming an ever more attractive proposition. For example, biomethane can meet methane-based needs in industry or serve as a fuel for heavy-duty transportation. The relatively high costs of biogas power generation mean that the transition from feed-in tariffs to technology-neutral renewable electricity auction frameworks (such as power purchase agreements) in many countries could limit the future prospects for electricity-only biogas plants. Analyzing key constraints to biogas production from crop - PLOS 2021). The various business models that are conceivable based on the utilization pathways are presented. Process Integr Optim Sustain 2:116. Final version of guidance published, alongside launch of the Green Gas Support Scheme (GGSS). https://doi.org/10.1021/ef502778u, Grsch N, Trox C, Saidi A, Zrner W, Grner V, Baumktter D, Brgging E, Wetter C, Gltzl M, Kilburg U, Gleich J, Wagner R, Vogt R (2020) Biogas nach dem EEG(wie) kanns weitergehen? In the context of the transformation of the energy system, it is relevant to reveal technical possibilities for energy generation that enable a profitability. Thus, these biogas plants are especially intended to provide an affordable and reliable source of energy for households (Hamid and Blanchard 2018). Following this categorization, the results of the literature review are presented below. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 6782, Lisbona P, Pascual S, Prez V (2021) Evaluation of synergies of a biomass power plant and a biogas station with a carbon capture system.
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